Publications

Time-bin encoding is a robust form of optical quantum information, especially for transmission in optical fibers. To readout the information, the separation of the time bins must be larger than the detector time resolution, typically on the order of nanoseconds for photon counters. In the present work, we demonstrate a technique using a nonlinear interaction between chirped entangled time-bin photons and shaped laser pulses to perform projective measurements on arbitrary time-bin states with picosecond-scale separations. We demonstrate a tomographically complete set of time-bin qubit projective measurements and show the fidelity of operations is sufficiently high to violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt-Bell inequality by more than 6 standard deviations.

BACKGROUND: Older blacks are less likely to receive guideline-recommended antilipemic therapy and achieve lipid control than older whites because, in part, of out-of-pocket costs. We sought to determine whether racial differences in antilipemic use and lipid control narrowed after Medicare Part D's implementation.

METHODS: This before-after study included 1,091 black and white adults 70 years or older with coronary heart disease and/or diabetes mellitus from the Health Aging and Body Composition Study. Primary outcomes were antilipemic use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control. Key independent variables were race, time (pre-Part D vs post-Part D), and their interaction.

RESULTS: Before Part D, fewer blacks than whites reported taking an antilipemic (32.70% vs 49.35%), and this difference was sustained after Part D (blacks 48.30% vs whites 64.57%). Multivariable generalized estimating equations confirmed no post-Part D change in racial differences in antilipemic use (adjusted ratio of the odds ratio 1.07, 95% CI 0.79-1.45). Compared with whites, more blacks had poor lipid control both before Part D (24.30% vs 12.36%, respectively) and after Part D (24.46% vs 13.72%, respectively), with no post-Part D change in racial differences in lipid control (adjusted ratio of the odds ratio 0.82, 95% CI 0.51-1.33).

CONCLUSION: Although antilipemic use increased after Medicare Part D for both races, this policy change was associated with a change neither in lipid control for either racial group nor in the racial differences in antilipemic use or lipid control.

Genital powder use has been associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in some, but not all, epidemiologic investigations, possibly reflecting the carcinogenic effects of talc particles found in most of these products. Whether risk increases with number of genital powder applications and for all histologic types of ovarian cancer also remains uncertain. Therefore, we estimated the association between self-reported genital powder use and epithelial ovarian cancer risk in eight population-based case-control studies. Individual data from each study were collected and harmonized. Lifetime number of genital powder applications was estimated from duration and frequency of use. Pooled ORs were calculated using conditional logistic regression matched on study and age and adjusted for potential confounders. Subtype-specific risks were estimated according to tumor behavior and histology. 8,525 cases and 9,859 controls were included in the analyses. Genital powder use was associated with a modest increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer [OR, 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-1.33] relative to women who never used powder. Risk was elevated for invasive serous (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.09-1.32), endometrioid (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.43), and clear cell (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01-1.52) tumors, and for borderline serous tumors (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.24-1.72). Among genital powder users, we observed no significant trend (P = 0.17) in risk with increasing number of lifetime applications (assessed in quartiles). We noted no increase in risk among women who only reported nongenital powder use. In summary, genital powder use is a modifiable exposure associated with small-to-moderate increases in risk of most histologic subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: The impact of evidence-based guidelines and controlled trial data on use of cholesterol-lowering medications in older adults is unclear.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether utilization patterns of cholesterol-lowering medications in community-dwelling older adults changed following the release of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines and results from the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk in 2002.

METHODS: Community-dwelling elderly individuals who were enrolled in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study in 1997-1998 were followed for up to 11 years. An interrupted time series analysis with multivariable generalized estimating equations (GEEs) was used to examine changes in level and trend in cholesterol-lowering medication use before and after 2002, adjusting for sociodemographics, health-related behaviors, and health status.

RESULTS: Cholesterol-lowering medication use increased nearly 3-fold from 14.9% in 1997-1998 to 42.6% in 2007-2008, with statins representing the most common class used (87-94%). Multivariable GEE results revealed no significant difference in the level of cholesterol-lowering medication use after 2002 (adjusted OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.89-1.02). Multivariable GEE results revealed that trend changes in the rate of increase in cholesterol-lowering medication declined after 2002 (adjusted ratio of ORs 0.92; 95% CI 0.89-0.95).

CONCLUSIONS: The use of cholesterol-lowering medication increased substantially over a decade in community-dwelling elderly individuals but was not related to a change in level or trend following the release of the guidelines and evidence-based data.

PURPOSE: Meta-analyses are routinely shaping patient care decisions. However, it is unknown whether meta-analyses are increasing in cardiology or whether complete search strategies are used. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of search strategies of meta-analyses.

METHODS: Meta-analyses assessing cardiovascular drug therapy published from 2006 to 2011 were identified through PubMed/Medline with the terms "cardiovascular agents" and "drug therapy."

RESULTS: A total of 130 meta-analyses were identified. There was a 100% increase with the largest growth from 2008 to 2009. Only half of the analyses used 3 databases to identify studies for inclusion, which was predictive of using search terms ( P < .01; odds ratio, 3.05, 95% confidence interval, 1.341-6.952) and using a quality assessment tool ( P < .001; odds ratio, 3.05; 95% confidence interval, 2.038-8.066).

CONCLUSIONS: Meta-analyses evaluating cardiovascular drug therapy increased in 2011. Meta-analyses should exhaust all resources to identify trials for inclusion. As meta-analyses continue to change clinical practice, researchers and clinicians must critically assess the quality of these studies.

BACKGROUND: Multiple complications can arise secondary to poor control of glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol in a patient with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a pharmacist-physician collaboration on attainment of diabetes-related measures of control.

METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter, cohort study. Patients were enrolled from 7 practice sites throughout Tennessee if they had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, were aged 18 years or older with a life expectancy greater than 1 year, and were English speaking. Pregnant women were excluded. Patients were followed for 12 months following enrollment by informed consent. The pharmacist-physician collaboration method was established prior to study initiation. Primary outcomes included hemoglobin A1c (A1C), number of patients with A1C less than 7%, and percentage of patients with A1C greater than 9%.

RESULTS: Of the 206 patients enrolled, the mean age was 59.73 years, and most were male (59.71%) and white (66.02%). The A1C was reduced by an average of 1.16% (p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients with A1C less than 7% increased from 12.75% at baseline to 36.76% at study conclusion (p = 0.0002). The proportion of patients with A1C greater than 9% decreased from 34.15% to 16.50%, (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacist-physician collaborative management at multiple practice locations and types of setting (eg, private, academic, Veterans Affairs medical center) has a positive impact on glycemic control and diabetes-related health maintenance. This was accomplished without increasing the total number of antihyperglycemic agents prescribed and without an increase in patient-reported episodes of hypoglycemia.

BACKGROUND: For the past 30 years, clinical trials have been increasingly conducted in developing countries. These trials allow results to be generalizable to similar populations, offer access to treatment for patients in need, and examine diseases with differing patterns than developed countries. However, the characteristics of antineoplastic clinical trials and recent trends in study location in developing countries are unknown.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to evaluate the location, study phase, results, funding source, and ethics board approval of randomized double-blind controlled clinical trials evaluating antineoplastic agents by geographic location.

SETTING: This is a retrospective evaluation of studies indexed in the PubMed/Medline database published in 2007-2011.

METHODS: Clinical trials were identified with the search terms "drug therapy", "antineoplastic agents" and "double blind method" and limited to English language, human, and randomized controlled trial.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: We assessed frequencies of characteristics of antineoplastic clinical trials.

RESULTS: A total of 116 trials evaluating antineoplastic drug therapy were identified. The highest frequency of clinical trials were published in 2009 (27.6 %), followed by 2011 (23.3 %), 2010 (20.7 %), 2007 (14.6 %), and 2008 (13.8 %). According to geographic region, 33.8 % were conducted in North America, followed by Europe (31.5 %) and Asia (16.2 %). Based on economic status, the majority (77.8 %) of clinical trial locations were in developed countries and 22.2 % were in developing countries. No significant difference was found between study locations in developed countries and developing countries from 2007 to 2011. When comparing studies conducted in developing and developed countries, there was no difference in the year published, study phase, results, funding source, or investigational review board approval and informed consent. Studies conducted in developed countries were significantly more likely to be single country studies (p = 0.02) and published in a journal with an impact factor greater than 10 (p = 0.013) when compared to studies conducted in developing countries.

CONCLUSIONS: Based on economic status, there was no significant location change of antineoplastic clinical trials from 2007 to 2011. Clinical trials conducted in developing countries were more often multi-country studies and published in journals with lower impact factors.

PURPOSE: The frequencies and corresponding susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients in the emergency department (ED) were compared with those from hospitalized patients.

METHODS: A microbiology laboratory report of all positive bacterial cultures obtained in the ED, regardless of the source (e.g., blood, urine, sputum), was obtained. In the case of duplicate cultures, only the first isolate cultured from a single patient was included. Colonization-site cultures (e.g., nasal swabs) and culture reports identified by the laboratory as contaminant organisms were excluded from the evaluation. Antimicrobial susceptibility results were then compiled into a standardized ED-specific antibiogram. Antimicrobial susceptibilities for each pathogen in the ED antibiogram were compared with those in the hospitalwide antibiogram. If there was a difference of ≥5% between the susceptibility of a single antimicrobial agent, chi-square tests were conducted, and unadjusted odds ratios were calculated. Pathogens with fewer than 30 isolates were excluded from the susceptibility comparison.

RESULTS: A total of 3140 cultures were evaluated (1417 from the ED, 1723 from the hospital). The frequencies of pathogens isolated in the ED and hospitalwide were similar, with the exception of Escherichia coli, which were more commonly isolated in ED patients, and Enterococcus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were more common in hospitalized patients. Significant differences in susceptibility profiles were identified for Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa.

CONCLUSION: Significant differences in the frequencies of bacteria isolated and corresponding susceptibilities were found in cultures obtained in ED patients compared with those obtained in hospitalized patients.

BACKGROUND: Some medicines regulatory authorities are encouraging research in pediatrics. However, children are a vulnerable population, and previous studies have suggested that research is increasingly being conducted outside of developed countries.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the location of trials in the pediatric population with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

SETTING: Not applicable.

METHODS: Clinical trials registered in the largest international clinical trials registry (clinicaltrials.gov) evaluating antiretrovirals in pediatric HIV infected patients were included. Data were collected on the location, funding, study purpose, design, initiation date, age of subjects, and medication classes tested.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We assessed frequencies of characteristics of pediatric HIV trials registered in the clinicaltrials.gov database.

RESULTS: Overall, 288 studies were included in the analysis. Most trials were conducted in ages 12-17 years (83 %), followed by studies in those <6 years (25 %) and 6-11 years (21 %). The location of most trials included at least one site in developed countries (83 %). The number of trials completed exclusively in developing countries increased from 1989 to 2011.

CONCLUSIONS: The majority of pediatric antiretroviral trials registered in clinicaltrials.gov were conducted in adolescent subjects in developed countries. The number of pediatric HIV studies in developing countries increased while studies conducted in developed countries decreased similar to trends of HIV.